Patients are the basis and purpose of the health care system in Poland. One of the tasks of the health system is to ensure patients fundamental rights. Patients rights belong to human rights as they are vested in every individual. For proper implementation of patient rights if is essential to the legal system to protect them. In 2009 the national system of legal protection of the patient and the health system has been expanded to a new institution – Ombudsman for Patients (RPP). RPP tasks governed by the Act of 6 November 2008 at the patient's rights and Ombudsman. The Ombudsman is a central government administrative body competent in matters of protection of patients' rights. Supervision over the activities of the Ombudsman is a privilege of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also appoints each of the Ombudsman .The subject of the article is to present and analyze the role of the Ombudsman for Patients in the health care system in Poland.